Friday 6 January 2012

Course Structure


Comparative Foreign Policy Decision Making

M. Phil Course (D&D)

(Winter Semester, 2012)

Centre for International Politics, Organization and Disarmament (CIPOD)
School of International Studies
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi


Course Instructor
Happymon Jacob, Ph.D.
Room - 110, SIS, JNU
Office Hours: By appointment only  

Class Timings
3.00 pm - 5.00 pm on Mondays and 11.30 am-1.30 pm on Thursdays


Content, Structure and Objectives
Foreign Policy Analysis is often seen as an empirical and chronological exercise devoid of any theoretical sophistication. This is indeed the primary reason why this otherwise important branch of International Relations (IR) has not attracted sufficient attention and serious research output by leading IR scholars. This has come about because of the manner in which foreign policy is studied: those studying foreign policy are concerned solely with the product - ‘foreign policy’ - and not the process - ‘foreign policy making’.

This course will focus on the ‘making of foreign policy’ and in doing so it will try to depart from the analytical and intellectual blinds imposed by the inflexible theoretical categories of neo-realism. While the course will use insights from neoclassical realism and neo-liberalism (both mainstream IR theories), much of the course will be guided by constructivist theoretical and methodological insights. Moreover, literature from psychology, sociology and organizational theories will be used to understand the various aspects of foreign policy decision making.

The main aim of the course is to equip students to acquire the necessary skills to not only understand how foreign policy is made in various country settings, but also to better explain foreign policies, foreign policy behaviors and diplomatic practices of various countries.

Course Requirements
The class will meet twice every week. Students are expected to be compulsorily present for the classes. The assignments for the course include one interview report, one research paper and one group report.

All assignments are to be submitted both in hard copy as well as by email on specified dates failing which they won’t be considered for grading. Students must contact the course teacher prior to assignment due dates if they wish to request extensions which will be granted only in cases of emergency. Requests for en-bloc extensions will not be entertained. 

Grading
Grades for the course will be awarded in the following manner:

Group Assignment – 15%
(Due date for Submission – Monday, February 13, 2012)

One Research Paper 6,000 words and 20%
(Due date for Submission of Research Paper – Monday, March 19, 2012)

One Interview Report – 15%
(Due date for Submission – Monday, April 23, 2012)

End Semester Examination – 40%
Monday, 14th May 2012 (Tentative)

Class Participation – 10%

*Interview report should be a narrative report based on an interview of a retired foreign/defense policy maker (bureaucrat, military officer, politician etc.) regarding an important decision (details of which have been declassified, of course) that the person was part of during his/her service in the government.

Class Participation
Class participation will be graded on the basis of the students’ class attendance, unfailing class presentations and involvement in class debates and discussions.

Research Paper
Research papers should be approximately 6000 words in length, typed, and double spaced using a 12 point font, and must have footnotes or endnotes and a bibliography. All direct quotations and paraphrases must be cited. For a discussion of research methods, see Stephen Van Evera, Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. SIS Research Manual may be consulted to know more about referencing styles in research papers:
http://www.jnu.ac.in/academics/schools/schoolofinternationalstudies/sis_research_manual.pdf.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism of any kind is to be avoided and the slightest hint of such behaviour will be dealt with sternly. Disciplinary measures will be initiated against students who are found engaging in such unfair and unethical practices. Acts of plagiarism will be reported to the Centre chairperson and to the Dean, SIS, in writing.

Readings and Resources
All the required readings prescribed for the course would be available with the course teacher. You are free to approach the course teacher to collect the readings. Always bring the assigned readings for the class since we will often refer to specific sections in them. Needless to remind that students taking this course agree to come to class prepared to discuss the assigned reading.  

Course Blog: You can access the course blog at www.cfpdm2012.blogspot.com/


Course Structure

1.   Theory and Policy, Agents and Structure, and Domestic and International

Unit I, Thursday, 12th January 2012

1.   Stephen M. Walt, (2005), “The Relationship Between Theory and Policy in International Relations”, Annual Review Political Science, Vol. 8: 23-48.

2.   Joseph Lepgold, “Is Anyone Listening? International Relations Theory and the Problem of Policy Relevance”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 113, No. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 43-62

         Unit II, Monday, 16th January 2012

3.   James N. Rosenau, (1980), “Thinking Theory Thoroughly”, in The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy, NY: Francis Printer.

4.   James N. Rosenau, (1980), “Pre- Theories and Theories of Foreign Policy”, in The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy, NY: Francis Printer.

Unit III, Wednesday, 18th January 2012

5. Alexander E. Wendt, "The agent-structure problem in international relations theory" International Organization 41 (Summer 1987):335-70.

6. David Dessler, "What's at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?" International Organization, 43 (1989): 441-73.

Unit IV, Thursday, 19th January 2012

7.   Walter Carlsnaes (2008), “Actors, Structures, and Foreign Policy Analysis” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.

8.   Philip Zelikow, “Foreign Policy Engineering: From Theory to Practice and Back Again”, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring, 1994), pp. 143-171.

Unit V, Monday, 23rd January 2012

9.   Hermann, F. Charles (1990), “Changing Course: When Government Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, 34(1): 1990, 3-21.

10.  Joe D. Hagan, “Does Decision Making Matter? Systematic Assumptions vs. Historical Reality in International Relations Theory.” International Studies Review, 3, 2 (Summer 2001), 5-46.

Recommended Reading:

11. Putnam, D. Robert (1988), Diplomacy and domestic politics: the logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42, pp 427-460.


2.   What is Foreign Policy Analysis?

Background Readings:

1.   Valerie, M. Hudson (2008),   “The History and evolution of foreign policy analysis” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.) “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2.   Valerie, M. Hudson (2007), “Introduction: The Situation and Evolution of Foreign Policy Analysis: A Road”, in Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
3.   Breuning, Marijke (2007), “Who or What Determines Foreign Policy?” in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Unit VI, Monday, 30th January 2012

4.   Steve Smith, "Theories of Foreign Policy: An Historical Overview." Review of International Studies, 12, 1 (January 1986), 13-29.

5.   Valerie M. Hudson and Christopher S. Vore. 1995, “Foreign Policy Analysis Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow”, Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 39, No. 2, 209-238.

Unit VII, Wednesday, 08th February 2012

6.   Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “Why Study Foreign Policy from a Decision Making Perspective?” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

7.   Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “Types of Decisions and Levels of Analysis in Foreign Policy Decision Making” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.



3.   Models of Foreign Policy Decision Making

Background Readings:

1.   Raymond Dacey and Lisa J. Carlson, “The Poliheuristic Theory of Foreign Policy Decision Making”, Special Issue, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48, 1, February 2004.


Unit VIII, Thursday, 09th February 2012

2. Stein, G. Janice (2008), “Foreign Policy Decision-making: Rational, Psychological, and Neurological Models” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3.   Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “Alternatives to the Rational Actor Model” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

        Unit IX, Monday, 13th February 2012

4. Kahler, Miles. "Rationality in International Relations," International Organization, 52.4: 919-941.

5.  Laura Neack, “Rational Actors and the National Interests”, in The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era, ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC., 2008.

        Unit X, Wednesday, 15th February 2012

6. Secchi Davide (2011), “Rationalization and Rationality” in Extendable Rationality: Understanding Decision making in Organizations, London: Springer.

7. Secchi Davide (2011), “Bounded Rationality” in Extendable Rationality: Understanding Decision making in Organizations, London: Springer.

8. Secchi Davide (2011), “Conclusions” in Extendable Rationality: Understanding Decision making in Organizations, London: Springer.

4.       Theoretical Perspectives on Foreign Policy Making

Background Readings:

1.   Andrew Moravcik. 1997. “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 51, No.     4, pp. 513-553.

2.   Wohlforth, C. William (2008), “Realism and Foreign Policy” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.

3.   Gideon Rose. 1998. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy,” World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 144-72.

4. Lobell, Ripsman and Taliaferro (2009), “Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, the Sate and Foreign Policy” in Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman (eds.), Neoclassical Realism, The State, and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Unit XI, Thursday, 16th February 2012

5.   Doyle, W. Michael (2008), “Liberalism and Foreign Policy” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.

6.  Hudson, M. Valerie (2002), “Foreign Policy Decision-Making: A Touchstone for International Relations Theory in the Twenty-First Century” in Chollet, Derek, H., Goldgeier, M. James and Hudson, M. Valerie (eds.), Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited Snyder, Bruck and Sapin), New York: Palgrave Macmillan. (Chapter 1).

Unit XII, Wednesday, 22nd February 2012

7.   Kenneth N. Waltz. 1996. “International Politics is Not Foreign Policy,” Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 54-57.

8.  Colin Elman. 1996. “Cause, Effect and Consistency: A Response to Kenneth Waltz,” Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 58-61.

9.   Colin Elman. 1996. “Horses for Courses: Why not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy?” Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 7-53.

       Unit XIII, Thursday, 23rd February 2012

10. Lobell, E. Steven (2009), “Theat Assessment, the State, and Foreign policy: A Neoclassical Realist Model” in Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman (eds.), Neoclassical Realism, The State, and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

11. Ripsman M. Norrin (2009), “Neoclassical Realism and Domestic Inteest Groups” in Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman (eds.), Neoclassical Realism, The State, and Foreign Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Recommended:

12. Jervis, Robert. "Realism in the Study of World Politics," International Organization, 52.4: 919-941.
 
5.         Constructivist Foreign Policy Decision Making

Background Readings:

1.   Checkel, Jeff (1993) “Ideas, Institutions, and the Gorbachev Foreign Policy Revolution”, World Politics, Vol. 45, No. 2, Pp- 271-300.

2.  Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, “Taking Stock: The Constructivist Research Program in International Relations and Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001): 391-416.

3.  John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy." World Politics, 47, 2 (January 1995): 283-310.

4.   Chechel, T. Jeffrey (2008), “Constructivism and Foreign Policy” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), “Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases,” Oxford: Oxford University Press.

5.   Weldes, Jutta (1999), “Introduction: The Problem of National Interests”, in Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Volume 12, London: University of Minnesota Press.

          Unit XIV, Monday, 05th March 2012

6.   Klotz, A. and Lynch, C. (2007), “Constructivism”, Strategies For Research in Constructivist International Relations, New York: M. E. Sharpe. (Chapter 1).

7. Zehfuss, Maja (2002), “Introduction”, Constructivism in International Relations: The Politics of Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 1).

8.   Juliet Kaarbo, “Foreign Policy Analysis in the Twenty-First Century: Back to Comparison, Forward to Identity and Ideas”, Foreign Policy Analysis in 20/20: A Symposium, International Studies Review (2003) 5, 155–202.

9. David Patrick Houghton, “Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision- Making: Toward a Constructivist Approach.” Foreign Policy Analysis, 3, 1 (January 2007): 24-45.

          Unit XV, Wednesday, 07th March 2012

10. Yee, S. Albert, "The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies." International Organization, 50, 1 (Winter 1996): 69-108.

11.  Ido Oren, “Is Culture Independent of National Security? How America’s National Security Concerns Shaped ‘Political Culture’ Research.” European Journal of International Relations, 6, 4 (2000): 543-73.

12.  Jack S. Levy. 1994. “Learning and Foreign Policy: Sweeping a Conceptual Minefield”, International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 279-312.

         Unit XVI, Monday, 12th March 2012

13. Goldstein, Judith and Keohane O. Robert (1993), “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework”, in Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane (eds.) Ideas & Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, London: Cornell University Press.
14. Copeland C. Dale (2006), “The Constructivist Challenge to Structural Realism: A Review Essay” in Stefanno Guzzini and Anna Leander eds. Constructivism and International Relations, London: Routledge.          
          Unit XVII, Thursday, 15th March 2012
15.  Kubalkova, Vendulka (2001), “Foreign Policy, International Politics, and Constructivism” in Kubalkova, Vendulka (eds.), Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

16. Smith, Steve (2001), “Foreign Policy Is What States Make of It: Social Construction and International Relations Theory” in Kubalkova, Vendulka (eds.), Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

17.        Kowert, A. Paul (2001), “Toward a Constructivist Theory of Foreign Policy” in Kubalkova, Vendulka (eds.), Foreign Policy in a Constructed World, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

          Unit XVIII, Monday, 19th March 2012

18.  Weldes, Jutta (1999), “Constructing National Interests”, in Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Volume 12, London: University of Minnesota Press.

19. Weldes, Jutta (1999), “Identity and National Interests: The United States as the Subject of the Cuban Missile Crisis”, in Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Volume 12, London: University of Minnesota Press.

           Unit XIX, Thursday, 22nd March 2012

20. Kratochwil, V. Friedrich (2001), “Constructivism as an Approach to Interdisciplinary Study”, in Karin M. Fierke and Knud Erik Jorgensen (eds.) Constructing International Relations: The Next Generations, New York: M. E. Sharpe.

21. William Flanik , (Oct 2011) “Bringing FPA Back Home:” Cognition, Constructivism, and Conceptual Metaphor”,  Foreign Policy Analysis,  7(4):  423–446.

22. Christoph O. Meyer (Sept. 2011), “The Purpose and Pitfalls of Constructivist Forecasting: Insights from Strategic Culture Research for the European Union’s Evolution as a Military Power”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 55(3): 669- 690.

  1. Culture, Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Making

Background Readings:

1. Johnson, L. Jeannie (2009), “Conclusion: Toward a Standard Methodological Approach”, in Jeannie L. Johnson, Kerry M. Kartchner, and Jeffrey A. Larsen (eds.) Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Culturally Based Insights into Comparative National Security Policymaking, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

2.   Ansari M. Ali (2006), “Civilizational Identity and Foreign Policy” in Brenda Shaffer (eds.), The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy, London: The MIT Press.
Unit XX, Monday, 26th March 2012

3. Alastair Iain Johnston. 1995. “Thinking about Strategic Culture,” International Security, Vol. 19, pp.32-64.

4.   Poore, Stuart (2004), “Strategic Culture”, in John Glenn, Darry Howlett and Stuart Poore, Neorealism versus Strategic Culture, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.
5.    Dueck, Colin (2006), “Power, Culture, and Grand Strategy” in Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture, and Change in American Grand Strategy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.


Unit XXI, Thursday, 29th March 2012

6.   Haglund, G. David (2009), “What Good Is Strategic Culture?”, in Jeannie L. Johnson, Kerry M. Kartchner, and Jeffrey A. Larsen (eds.) Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Culturally Based Insights into Comparative National Security Policymaking, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

7.  Kartchner, M. Kerry (2009), “Strategic Culture and WMD Decision Making” in Jeannie L. Johnson, Kerry M. Kartchner, and Jeffrey A. Larsen (eds.) Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Culturally Based Insights into Comparative National Security Policymaking, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

8.   Gray, S. Colin (2009), “Out of the Wilderness: Prime Time for Strategic Culture”, in Jeannie L. Johnson, Kerry M. Kartchner, and Jeffrey A. Larsen (eds.) Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Culturally Based Insights into Comparative National Security Policymaking, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

9.   Rosencrance, R. and Stein A. (1993), “Beyond Realism: The Study of Grand Strategy” in Richard Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein (eds.), The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.


Unit XXII, Monday, 02nd April 2012

10.  Jeffrey W. Legro, "Military Culture and Inadvertent Escalation in World War II." International Security 18 (Spring 1994): 108-42.

11.  Laura Neack, “National Self-Image, Culture, and Domestic Institutions”, in The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era, ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC., 2008

12. Kowert, Paul and Legro, Jeffrey (1996), “Norms, Identity, and Their Limits: A Theoretical Reprise”, in Peter J.  Katzenstein (eds.) The Culture of National Secuirty: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press. (Chapter 12).
13.  Neumann, B. Iver (2010), “National Security, Culture and Identity” in Myriam Dunn Cavelty and Victor Mauer (eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies, London: Routledge. (Chapter 8).


Unit XXIII, Wednesday, 04th April 2012
14. Valerie, M. Hudson (2007), “Culture and National Security” in Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

15.   Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “International, Domestic, and Cultural Factors Influencing Foreign Policy Decision Making” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

16.      Fischer, Markus (2006), “Culture and Foreign Politics” in Brenda Shaffer (eds.), The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy, London: The MIT Press.



7. Institutional structures, Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy Making

Background Readings:

1.   Edward Rhodes, "Do Bureaucratic Politics Matter? Some Disconfirming Findings from the Case of the U.S. Navy." World Politics 47 (October 1994): 1-41.

2.   Laura Neack, “Decision Units, Small Groups, and Bureaucratic Politics”, in The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era, ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC., 2008.

3.   Robert Jervis (1988), “Perception and the level of analysis Problem”, in Perception and Misperception in International Politics, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.


Unit XXIV, Monday, 09th April 2012

4.   Allison, T. Graham (1969), “Conceptual Model, and the Cuban Missile Crisis”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 63 (3): 689-718.

5. Lawrence Freedman, "Logic, Politics, and Foreign Policy Precesses: A Critique of the Bureaucratic Politics Model." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 434- 49.


Unit XXV, Thursday, 12th April 2012

6.   Robert, J. Art (1973), “Bureaucratic Politics and American Foreign Policy: A Critique”, Policy Sciences, Vol 4(): 467- 490.

7. Stephen D. Krasner, "Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland)" Foreign Policy #7 (Summer 1972): 159-79.

8.   JEAN A. GARRISON, “Foreign Policymaking and Group Dynamics: Where We’ve Been and Where We’re Going”, in Foreign Policy Analysis in 20/20: A Symposium, International Studies Review (2003) 5, 155–202

9.   Amrita Narlikar, “Peculiar chauvinism or strategic calculation? Explaining the negotiating strategy of a rising India”, International Affairs 82, international Affairs, 82(1), 2006

Unit XXVI, Monday, 16th April 2012

10. Jack S. Levy, "Organizational Routines and the Causes of War," International Studies Quarterly 30 (June 1986), 193-222.

11. Jack S. Levy, "Prospect Theory, Rational Choice, and International Relations." International Studies Quarterly 41/1 (March 1997): 87-112.

Unit XXVII, Thursday, 19th April 2012

12. Jean Garrison, “Framing Foreign Policy Alternatives in Inner Circle: President Carter, His Advisors, and the Struggle for the Arms Control Agenda”, Political Psychology Vol.22 (4): 2001, 775-807.

13. Voss, F. James (1998), “On the Representation of Problems: An Information- Processing Approach to Foreign Policy Decision Making” in Donald A. Sylvan and James F. Voss (eds.) Problem Representation in Foreign Policy Decision Making, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Unit XXVIII, Monday, 23rd April 2012

14.  Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Initiative and Rules” in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

15. Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Planning a Decision Strategy”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

16. Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Information and Arguments”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

17. Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Maneuvers to Affect Information”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

18.  Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Uses of the Press”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

19. Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Involving the President”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

20. Halperin, H. Morton et al. (2006), “Influence and Decisions”, in Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington D.C.: The Brooking Institution.

Recommended Readings  

21. Steven, B. Redd (2005), “The Influence of Advisers and Decision Strategies on Foreign Policy Choices: President Clinton's Decision to Use Force in Kosovo”, International Studies Perspectives, 6(1): 129- 150.

22. Thomas Preston and Paul‘t Hart, "Understanding and Evaluating Bureaucratic Politics: The Nexus Between Political Leaders and Advisory Systems." Political Psychology, 20, 1 (March 1999), 49-98.

8. Psychology of Decision Making

Background Readings:

1. Valerie, M. Hudson (2007), “Group Decision-Making: Small Group Dynamics, Organizational Process, and Bureaucratic Politics” in Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

2.   Jervis, Robert (1976), “Cognitive Dissonance and International Relations”, in Perception and Misperception in International Politics, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Unit XXIX, Thursday, 26th April 2012

3. Walker, G. Stephen (2011), “Foreign Policy Analysis and Behavioral International Relations” in Stephen G. Walker, Akan Malici, and Mark Schafer (eds.), Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis: Sates, Leaders, and the Microfoundations of Behavioral International Relations, New York: Routledge.

4.   Michael D. Young and Mark Schafer, "Is There Method in Our Madness: Ways of Assessing Cognition in International Relations." Mershon International Studies Review 42/1 (May 1998): 63 96.

Unit XXX, Monday, 30th April 2012

5.   McDermott, R. (2004), “Cognitions and Attitudes: What We Think We Know and Why” in Political Psychology in International Relations, Michigan: Michigan University Press.

6.   Stephen Peter Rosen (2005), “Emotions, Memory, and Decision Making” in War and Human Nature, Princeton University Press.

7.   Zeev, Maoz. 1990. “Framing the National Interest: The Manipulation of Foreign Policy Decisions in Group Settings,” World Politics, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 77-110.

         Unit XXXI, Wednesday, 02nd May 2012

8.   Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “Psychological Factors Affecting Foreign Policy Decisions” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

9.   Breuning, Marijke (2007), “Leaders Are Not Alone: The Role of Advisors and Bureaucracies” in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

10. McDermott, R. (2004), “Theoretical Concepts in Political Psychology” in Political Psychology in International Relations, Michigan: Michigan University Press.

        Unit XXXII, Thursday, 03rd May 2012

11. Levy J. and W. Thompson (2010), “Decision- Making: The Organizational Level” in Causes of War, Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.

12.  Jervis, Robert (1976), “How Decision- Makers Learn from History”, in Perception and Misperception in International Politics, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Recommended:
13.  Michael J. Shapiro and G. Matthew Bonham. 1973. “Cognitive Process and Foreign Policy Decision-making,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 147-174.
14. Robert Jervis (1988), “War and Misperception”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18 (4)


9.           Leadership Theories

Background Readings:

1.   Margaret G. Hermann. 1980. “Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 7-46.
2.   McDermott, R. (2004), “Leadership” in Political Psychology in International Relations, Michigan: Michigan University Press.

Unit XXXIII, Monday, 07th May 2012

3. Fred I. Greenstein, "Can Personality and Politics be Studied Systematically?" Political Psychology 13 (March 1992): 105-28.

4.   David J. Brule (2005), “Explaining and Forecasting Leaders’ Decisions: A Poliheuristic Analysis of the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 6(1): 99 – 113.

5.   Laura Neack, “Cognitive Misers and Distrusting Leaders”, in The New Foreign Policy: Power Seeking in a Globalized Era, ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC., 2008.

Unit XXXIV, Wednesday, 09th May 2012

6.   Valerie, M Hudson (2007), “The Individual Decision-making: The Political Psychology of World leaders” in Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

7.   Levy J. and W. Thompson (2010), “Decision- Making: The Individual Level” in Causes of War, Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.

8.   Breuning, Marijke (2007), “Do Leaders Shape Foreign Policy?” in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Recommended:

9. Mark Schefer and others (2011), “Small Groups Dynamics: The Psychological Characteristics of Leaders and the Quality of Group Decision Making” in Stephen G. Walker, Akan Malici, and Mark Schafer (eds.), Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis: Sates, Leaders, and the Microfoundations of Behavioral International Relations, New York: Routledge.

10.  Karen, A. Rasler, Willam R. Thompson and Kathleen M. Chester, “Foreign Policy Makers, Personality Attributes and Interviews: A Note on Reliability Problems," International Studies Quarterly 24 (March, 1980): 47-66.

11. Ole R. Holsti, "The Belief System and National Images: A Case Study," Journal of Conflict Resolution 6 (1962): 244-52.

12.  Stephen G. Walker, "The Interface Between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger's Operational Code and the Vietnam War." Journal of Conflict Resolution 21 (March 1977): 129-68.


10.        Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Making

Background Readings:

1.   Holsti R. Ole (2006), “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy” in Making American Foreign Policy, New York: Routledge.

Unit XXXV, Thursday, 10th May 2012

2.  Benjamin I. Page and Jason Barabas, “Foreign Policy Gaps Between Citizens and leaders”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 44 (3): Sep. 2000, 339-364.

3.   Douglas C. Foyle. 1997. “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Elite Beliefs as a Mediating Variable,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, pp. 141-169.

4.   Carolyn M. Warner and Stephen G. Walker (Jan. 2011). “Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy: A Framework for Analysis”, Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 7 (1): 113–135.
Unit XXXVI

5.   Holsti R. Ole (2006), “Introduction: Beliefs, perceptions and Opinions in Policy Making” in Making American Foreign Policy, New York: Routledge.

6. Ole R. Holsti, "Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond- Lipmann Consensus." International Studies Quarterly 36, 4 (December 1992): 439-66.

7.   Brule, D. and Mintz A. (2006), “Blank Check or Marching Orders? Public Opinion and the Presidential use of Force” in Harvey Starr (eds.),in Approaches, Levels, and Methods of Analysis in International Politics: Crossing Boundaries, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

8. Richard C. Eichenberg, "Domestic Preferences and Foreign Policy: Cumulation and Confirmation in the Study of Public Opinion." Mershon International Studies Review, 42,1 (May 1998), 97-105.

9.   Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies." World Politics 43 (July 1991):579-512.

Unit XXXVII

10.     Valerie, M. Hudson (2007), “Domestic Politics and Opposition” in Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

11.   Robinson, Piers (2008), “The Role of Media and Public Opinion” in Dume, Tim, Hadfield, Amelia and Smith Steve (eds.), Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases, Oxford: Oxford University Press.


12.  Alex Mintz and Karl DeRouen Jr. (2010), “Framing, Marketing, and Media Effects on Foreign Policy Decision Making” in Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making, New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.

Unit XXXVIII


13. Levy J. and W. Thompson (2010), “The State and Societal Level” in Causes of War, Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell.

14. Jack, Levy (1988), “Domestic Politics and War”, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18 (4).

15.  Breuning, Marijke (2007), “Leaders in Context I: Domestic Constraints on Foreign Policy Making” in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

16. Snyder, Jack (1991), “Three theories of overexpansion”, in Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Recommended:

17.  Alastair Smith, "International Crises and Domestic Politics." The American Political Science Review, 92, 3 (September 1998), 622-38.

18.        John A. Vasquez, "Domestic contention on critical foreign-policy issues: the case of the United States." International Organization 39 (Autumn 1985):643-66.

19.        Fearon, James (1994), “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of Interaction Disputes”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 88 (3), 577- 592.

20.        Alexander L. George. 1972. “The Case for Multiple Advocacy in Making Foreign Policy,” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 751-785.

21.    Stephen Benedict Dyson. 2007. “Alliances, Domestic Politics, and Leader Psychology: Why Did Britain Stay Out of Vietnam and Go into Iraq?'' Political Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 647-666.


  1. Indian Foreign Policy Making and Diplomacy

        Institutions and Structures of Foreign Policy Making in India
         
        Unit XXXIX

1.   Rana, S. Kishan, (2007), “India: Opportunity and Renewal” in Asian Diplomacy: The Foreign Ministries of China, India, Japan, Singapore, and Thailand, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

2.   Sikri, Rajiv (2009), “Traditions and Institutions” in Challenge and Strategy: Rethinking India’s Foreign Policy, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

3.   Rana, S. Kishan and Chatterjee (2011), “Introduction: The Role of Embassies” in Kishan S Rana and Bipul Chatterjee (eds.), Economic Diplomacy: India’s Experience, Jaipur: CUTS International.

4.   Rana, S. Kishan (2002), “Parliament, NGOs and the Public Interface” in Inside Diplomacy, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

5.   Rana, S. Kishan (2002), “The NRIs: An Asset Underplayed”, in Inside Diplomacy, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

6.   Rana, S. Kishan (2006), “Diplomatic Reports”, in Bilateral Diplomacy, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

7.   Rana, S. Kishan (2006), “Diplomatic Signaling” in Bilateral Diplomacy, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

8.   Rana, S. Kishan (2002), “Diplomacy”, “Political Relationships”, “Pomp & Circumstance”, “MEA Structure: A Strong Headquarters”, “Human Resources: The Management Imperative” and “Missions Abroad” in Inside Diplomacy, New Delhi: Manas Publications.

Recommended Readings:

9.   Agarwal, Manmohan (2006), “Economic Diplomacy: Rationality or Power Politics”, in I. P. Khosla (eds.), Economic Diplomacy, New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd.


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